Mark Johnson

Mark Johnson

Mark Johnson

Professor
Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Northwestern University
2145 Sheridan Road, E310
Evanston, Illinois 60208-3107

Phone:  (847) 467-7143
Fax:  (847)491-4928
E-mail: m-johnson2@northwestern.edu

Website(s):  http://www.northwestern.edu/bme/markj/


Research Interests

Hydrodynamics of Glaucoma

Glaucoma results from an increase in the intraocular pressure that leads to irreversible damage to the optic nerve, and ultimate, blindness. The increased pressure results from an increased flow resistance in the aqueous outflow pathway. The goal of this research is to localize the source of this flow resistance and to characterize its nature. Our recent work has examined the mechanics of the cells of the endothelium of Schlemm's canal.

Transport across Bruch's Membrane

Age-related macular degeneration will likely be the leading cause of blindness in the developed world in the next 20 years. Our hypothesis is that this disease is caused by lipid accumulation in Bruch's membrane which is next to the retina. These studies involve use advance morphological techniques and tissue engineering techniques to evaluate this hypothesis.

Lung Surfactant Dynamics

The small airways of the lung are covered with a liquid lining that contains a unique surfactant. This surfactant is capable of reducing the surface tension of water to near zero under conditions of dynamic compression. This study involves characterization of the physiochemical properties of this unique surfactant.

Chaos and Diffusion

Chaotic systems are known to produce diffusional-like behavior in spite of the deterministic character of the governing equations. This project is involved with the use of diffusional behavior as a marker for the onset of chaos in various low dimensional systems. Using a unique method for detecting diffusional behavior, mathematical modelling will be used to determine the validity of this approach.

Selected Publications

  1. Johnson,M.: Turbulent heat transfer to a rotating disk: a review and extension of Dorfman. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Nov 1980, 780-1.
  2. Johnson,M. and Kamm,R.D.: The role of Schlemm's canal in aqueous outflow from the human eye. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 24: 320-5, 1983.
  3. Johnson,M., Ethier,C.R., Kamm,R.D., Grant,W.M., Epstein,D.E. and Gaasterland,D.: The flow of aqueous humor through micro-porous filters. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 27: 92-7, 1986.
  4. Kamm,R.D., Butcher,R., Froelich,J., Johnson,M., Salzman,E., Shapiro,A. and Strauss,H.W.: Optimization of parameters of external pneumatic compression for prophylaxis against deep vein thr ombosis: radionuclide gated imaging studies. Cardiovascular Research 20: 588-596, 1986.
  5. Ethier,C.R., Kamm,R.D., Palaszewski,B.A., Johnson,M. and Richardson,T.M.: Calculations of flow resistance in the juxtacanalicular meshwork. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 27: 1741-1750, 1986.
  6. Johnson,M. and Kamm,R.D.: Numerical studies of steady flow dispersion at low Dean number in a gently curving tube. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 172: 329-345, 1986.
  7. Johnson,M., Kamm,R., Ethier,C.R., and Pedley,T.: Scaling laws and the effects of concentration polarization on the permeability of hyaluronic acid. Physicochemical Hydrodynamics 9: 427-441, 1987.
  8. Salzman,E.W., McManama,G.P., Shapiro,A.H., Robertson,L.K., Donovan,A.S., Blume,H.W., Sweeney,J., Kamm,R.D., Johnson,M. and Black,P.M.: Effect of optimization of hemodynamics on fibrinolytic activity and antithrombotic efficacy of external pneumatic compression. Annals of Surgery 206: 636-641, 1987.
  9. Nguyen,K.P.V., Chung,M.L., Anderson,P.A., Johnson,M. and Epstein,D.L.: Hydrogen Peroxide Removal by the Calf Outflow Pathway. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 29: 976-981, 1988.
  10. Johnson,M.: The enthralling world of SEM, Bulletin of the Boston Mycological Club, 44,1: 3-4, 1988.
  11. Ethier,C.R., Kamm,R.D., Johnson,M., Pavao,A.F. and Anderson,P.J.: Further studies on the flow of aqueous humor through microporous filters. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 30: 739-745, 1989.
  12. Pavao,A.F., Lee,D.A., Ethier,C.R., Johnson,M., Anderson,P.J. and Epstein,D.L.: Two dimensional gel electrophoresis of calf aqueous humor, serum and filter-bound proteins. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 30: 731-738, 1989.
  13. Rosenquist, R., Epstein,D.L., Melamed,S., Johnson,M. and Grant,W.M.: Outflow resistance of enucleated human Eyes at two different perfusion pressures and different extents of trabeculotomy, Current Eye Research 8: 1233, 1989.
  14. Johnson,M, Johnson,D.H., Kamm,R.D., deKater,A.W. and Epstein,D.: The filtration characteristics of the aqueous outflow system, Experimental Eye Research 50: 407-418, 1990.
  15. Johnson, M., Kamm, R., Ho,L.W., Shapiro,A. and Pedley,T.J.: The nonlinear growth of surface tension-driven instabilities of a thin annular film, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 233: 141 156, 1991.
  16. Johnson,M., Chen,A., Epstein,D.L. and Kamm,R.D.: The pressure and volume dependence of the rate of wash-out in the bovine eye, Current Eye Research 10: 373-375, 1991.
  17. Kim,A., Wang,C., Johnson,M. and Kamm,R.D.: The specific hydraulic conductivity of bovine serum albumin, Biorheology, 11: 401-419, 1991.
  18. Johnson,M., Shapiro,A., Ethier,C.R. and Kamm,R.D.: The modulation of outflow resistance by the pores of the inner wall endothelium, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33: 1670-1675, 1992.
  19. Murphy,C.G., Johnson,M. and Alvarado,J.: The juxtacanalicular tissue in pigmentary glaucoma: the hydrodynamic role of pigment and other constituents, Archives of Ophthalmology 110: 1779-1785, 1992.
  20. Gong,H., Freddo,T.F. and Johnson,M.: Age-related changes of sulfated proteoglycans in the normal trabecular meshwork, Experimental Eye Research 55: 691-709, 1992.
  21. Otis,D., Johnson,M. and Kamm,R.D.: The role of pulmonary surfactant in airway closure: a computational study, Journal of Applied Physiology 75: 1323-1333, 1993.
  22. Johnson,M., Gong,H., Freddo,T.F., Ritter,N. and Kamm,R.D.: Serum proteins generate aqueous outflow resistance in bovine eyes, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 34: 3549-3557, 1993.
  23. Otis,D.R. Jr., Ingenito,E.P., Kamm,R.D. and Johnson,M.: Dynamic surface tension of TA surfactant: experiments and theory, Journal of Applied Physiology 77: 2681-2688, 1994.
  24. Brown, C.T., Vural, M., Johnson, M. and Trinkaus-Randall, V.: Age-related changes of scleral hydration and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, Mechanisms of Aging and Development 77: 97-101, 1995.
  25. Freddo, T.F., Kamm, R.D. and Johnson, M: Pathway of albumin into the anterior chamber, Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 233: 662-665, 1995 (letter to the editor).
  26. Whale, M.D., Grodzinsky, A.J. and Johnson, M.: The effect of aging and pressure on the specific hydraulic conductivity of the aortic wall, Biorheology 33: 17-44, 1996.
  27. Sit, A., Gong, H., Ritter, N., Freddo, T.F., Kamm, R.D. and Johnson, M.: The role of soluble proteins in generating aqueous outflow resistance in the bovine and human eye, Experimental Eye Research 64: 813-821, 1997.
  28. Sit, A.J., Coloma, F.M., Ethier, C.R. and Johnson, M.: Factors affecting the pores of the inner wall endothelium of Schlemm's canal, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38: 1517-1525, 1997.
  29. Hubbard, W.C., Johnson, M., Gong, H., Gabelt, B.T., Peterson, J.A., Sawhney, R., Freddo,T.F. and Kaufman, P.L.: Intraocular pressure and outflow facility are unchanged following acute and chronic intracameral chondroitinase ABC and hyaluronidase in monkeys, Experimental Eye Research, 65: 177-190, 1997
  30. Gong, H., Ye,W., Johnson,M., Kamm,R.D. and Freddo,T.F.: The non-uniform distribution of albumin in human and bovine cornea, Experimental Eye Research, 65: 747-756, 1997.
  31. Ye, W., Gong, H., Sit, A., Johnson, M. and Freddo, TF: Interendothelial junctions in normal human Schlemm's canal respond to changes in pressure, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 38: 2460-2468, 1997.
  32. Johnson, M. and Habyarimana, J.: An operational test for distinguishing between complicated and chaotic behavior in deterministic systems, Physica D, 116: 289-300, 1998.
  33. Ethier, C.R., Sit, A.J., Coloma, F.M., and Johnson, M.: Two populations of pores of the inner wall endothelium of Schlemm's canal, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 39: 2041-2048, 1998.
  34. Ingenito, E.P., Mark, L., Morris, J., Espinosa, F. F., Kamm,R.D. and Johnson, M.: Biophysical characterization of lung surfactant components, Journal of Applied Physiology 86: 1702-1714, 1999.
  35. Johnson, M.: Education of our leaders in the next century, MIT Faculty Newsletter, April/May 2000.
  36. Johnson, M. and Tarbell, J.M.: A biphasic, anisotropic model of the aortic wall, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 123: 52-57, 2001.
  37. Morris, J., Ingenito, E.P., Mark, L., Kamm, R.D. and Johnson, M.: Dynamic behavior of lung surfactant, Journal of Biomechanical Engineeringg 123: 106-113, 2001.
  38. Johnson, D. and Johnson, M.: How does non-penetrating glaucoma surgery work?, Journal of Glaucoma, 10:55-67, 2001.
  39. Russell, P., Tamm, E.R., Grehn, F.J., Picht, G., and Johnson, M.: The presence and properties of myocilin in the aqueous humor, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 42: 983-986, 2001.
  40. Overby, D., Ruberti, J., Gong, H., Freddo, T.F. and Johnson, M.: Specific hydraulic conductivity of corneal stroma as seen by quick-freeze/deep-etch, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 123: 154-161, 2001.
  41. Johnson, D.H. and Johnson, M.: Aqueous outflow and glaucoma surgery, Ophthalmo-Chirurgie 13: 88-89, 2001.
  42. Johnson, D.H. and Johnson, M.: Glaucoma surgery and aqueous outflow: How does non-penetrating glaucoma surgery work?, Archives of Ophthalmology 120: 67-70, 2001.
  43. Johnson, M., Christensen, C., Sit, A., Chen, D., Read, T. and Ethier, C.R.  Glaucomatous eyes have a reduced pore density in the inner wall endothelium of Schlemm's canal, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 43:2950-2955, 2002
  44. Gong, H., Overby, D., Ruberti, J., Johnson,M. and Freddo, T.: A new view of the human trabecular meshwork using quick-freeze/deep-etch, Experimental Eye Research 75: 347-358, 2002.
  45. Overby, D., Gong, H., Freddo, T.F. and Johnson,M.: The mechanism of increasing outflow facility during washout in the bovine eye, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 43: 3455-3464, 2002.
  46. Ruberti, J.W., Curcio, C.A., Millican, L., Menco, B.Ph.M., Huang, J.-D., and Johnson, M.: Quick-freeze/deep-etch visualization of age-related lipid accumulation in Bruch's membrane, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 44: 1753-1759, 2003.
  47. Johnson, M.: Aqueous outflow resistance (debate summary), International Glaucoma Review 4-3, 446-447, 2003.
  48. Ether, CR, Johnson, M. and Ruberti, J: Ocular Biomechanics and Biotransport, Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering (invited review article), 6:249-73 2004.
  49. Seurynck, S.L.,  Brown, N.J.,  Wu, C.W., Germino, K.W., Kohlmeir, E.K., Ingenito, E.P., Glucksberg, M.R., Barron, A.E. and Johnson, M.: Optical monitoring of bubble size and shape in a pulsating bubble surfactometer, Journal of Applied Physiology 99: 624-633, 2005.
  50. Overby, D and Johnson, M.: Studies on depth-of-field effects in microscopy supported by numerical simulations , The Journal of Microscopy, Vol 220, 176-189, 2005.
  51. Johnson, M.: "What controls aqueous humour outflow resistance?", Experimental Eye Research 82: 545-557, 2006.
  52. Johnson, M., Dabholkar, A., Huang, J., Presley J.B., Chimento M.F. and Curcio, C.A.: Comparison of Morphology of Human Macular and Peripheral Bruch's Membrane in Older Eyes, Current Eye Research 32: 791-799, 2007.
  53. Huang, J., Presley J.B., Chimento M.F., Curcio, C.A. and Johnson, M.: Age-related changes in human macular Bruch's membrane as seen by quick-freeze/deep-etch, Experimental Eye Research 85: 202-218, 2007.